Lower leaf (Cataphylle) are usually small and simply decorated, often scaly. In many cases, only the bottom sheet is formed. Usually they are not green. At the shoot axis they are below the leaf, hence the name. They are located at the beginning of base or the runner in woody plants are often referred to as Lower leaf bud scales at the lower end of annual drive (not all the trees bud scales, however, are low-sheets). Here abscission and low leaf area change periodically from each other (wholesale Galax leaves).
Leaf only occur when the scion plants, ie plants with fern (Pteridophyta) and seed plants . Spermatophyta). However, they are absent in mosses and algae, but at the thallus can leaf-like structures occur, but they are only to be considered as analogs of leaf. The abundance of leaf shapes is enormous. In some cases arose in course of evolution foliar organs, with the original function of leaf, namely photosynthesis and transpiration, have nothing more to do.
In some plant families, such as sweet and sour grasses the leaf base forms a so-called leaf sheath. This is a more or less wide, mostly to be found on the base leaf, like a sheath surrounding the stem axis part. In most cases, this vagina is split, ie, the edges are free to set only one above the other. In contrast, the leaf of Sedge closed sheaths or those in which no free edges are present. But many leaf of vaginal portion is only hinted at or absent.
Exceptions are the epidermis of hygro-, HELO and hydrophytes and partially shade leaf, but especially the guard cells of stomata (stomata), which always contain chloroplasts. The stomata serve the regulation of gas exchange, primarily of water vapor. After the distribution of stomata, a distinction (stomata on the underside of leaf, common type), (stomata on both leaf surfaces) and leaf (stomata on the leaf surface, z. B. With floating leaf).
In some families, the stipules are highly developed, as in pea family (such as the pea), the rose family and violet plants. You can either free (z. B. Vetches) or apparently the petiole be grown (roses).
Morphologically, a flower is a short shoot, the person sitting at this short shoot leaf are transformed into petals: The bracts are either configured differently than calyx (sepals) and petals (petals) or uniformly as tepals (tepals); inwardly follow the dust and the carpels.
top sheet
Large bundles are often surrounded by an endodermis, which is here called bundle sheath. The bundle sheath controls the mass transfer between bundles and mesophyll. The bundles end blind in mesophyll. Here, the bundles is increasingly reduced, ie first the sieve tubes are less and fall out, then remain only spiral that eventually end blindly in xylem part. The entire sheet is crisscrossed usually so dense with bundles that no leaf cell is more than seven cells from a vascular bundles.
Leaf only occur when the scion plants, ie plants with fern (Pteridophyta) and seed plants . Spermatophyta). However, they are absent in mosses and algae, but at the thallus can leaf-like structures occur, but they are only to be considered as analogs of leaf. The abundance of leaf shapes is enormous. In some cases arose in course of evolution foliar organs, with the original function of leaf, namely photosynthesis and transpiration, have nothing more to do.
In some plant families, such as sweet and sour grasses the leaf base forms a so-called leaf sheath. This is a more or less wide, mostly to be found on the base leaf, like a sheath surrounding the stem axis part. In most cases, this vagina is split, ie, the edges are free to set only one above the other. In contrast, the leaf of Sedge closed sheaths or those in which no free edges are present. But many leaf of vaginal portion is only hinted at or absent.
Exceptions are the epidermis of hygro-, HELO and hydrophytes and partially shade leaf, but especially the guard cells of stomata (stomata), which always contain chloroplasts. The stomata serve the regulation of gas exchange, primarily of water vapor. After the distribution of stomata, a distinction (stomata on the underside of leaf, common type), (stomata on both leaf surfaces) and leaf (stomata on the leaf surface, z. B. With floating leaf).
In some families, the stipules are highly developed, as in pea family (such as the pea), the rose family and violet plants. You can either free (z. B. Vetches) or apparently the petiole be grown (roses).
Morphologically, a flower is a short shoot, the person sitting at this short shoot leaf are transformed into petals: The bracts are either configured differently than calyx (sepals) and petals (petals) or uniformly as tepals (tepals); inwardly follow the dust and the carpels.
top sheet
Large bundles are often surrounded by an endodermis, which is here called bundle sheath. The bundle sheath controls the mass transfer between bundles and mesophyll. The bundles end blind in mesophyll. Here, the bundles is increasingly reduced, ie first the sieve tubes are less and fall out, then remain only spiral that eventually end blindly in xylem part. The entire sheet is crisscrossed usually so dense with bundles that no leaf cell is more than seven cells from a vascular bundles.
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